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Syndromic surveillance is the analysis of medical data to detect or anticipate disease outbreaks. According to a CDC definition, "the term 'syndromic surveillance' applies to surveillance using health-related data that precede diagnosis and signal a sufficient probability of a case or an outbreak to warrant further public health response.
Disease surveillance is an epidemiological practice by which the spread of disease is monitored in order to establish patterns of progression. The main role of disease surveillance is to predict, observe, and minimize the harm caused by outbreak, epidemic, and pandemic situations, as well as increase knowledge about which factors contribute to such circumstances.
Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution (who, when, and where), patterns and determinants of health and disease conditions in a defined population.. It is a cornerstone of public health, and shapes policy decisions and evidence-based practice by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare.
Dedicated individuals served on a surveillance-based team to curb the spread of disease. [6] This process served as a blueprint for other public health agencies to have a formalized program. [ 6 ] The United States soon followed and enacted a contact tracing program for the prevention of infectious diseases which included TB , HIV, SARS , and ...
Epidemiological (and other observational) studies typically highlight associations between exposures and outcomes, rather than causation. While some consider this a limitation of observational research, epidemiological models of causation (e.g. Bradford Hill criteria) [7] contend that an entire body of evidence is needed before determining if an association is truly causal. [8]
In epidemiology, an outbreak is a sudden increase in occurrences of a disease when cases are in excess of normal expectancy for the location or season. It may affect a small and localized group or impact upon thousands of people across an entire continent.
Health risks are usually established from toxicity studies in laboratory animals and epidemiological evidence in humans. Lead is a well studied chemical with a CDC action level of concern, currently at 10 μg/dL, or 100 parts per billion, in blood; however, neurobehavioral impairment has been noted below this level. [12]
immuno-epidemiology; intra-host dynamics; Pandemic; pathogen population genetics; persistence of pathogens within hosts; phylodynamics; role and identification of infection reservoirs; role of host genetic factors; spatial epidemiology; statistical and mathematical tools and innovations; Strain (biology) structure and interactions