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The Antarctic Treaty and related agreements regulate international relations with respect to Antarctica, Earth's only continent without a native human population. The treaty has now been signed by 54 countries, including the United Kingdom, the United States, and the now-defunct Soviet Union.
The main treaty was opened for signature on 1 December 1959, and officially entered into force on 23 June 1961. [4] The original signatories were the 12 countries active in Antarctica during the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957–58: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. [1]
Colonization of Antarctica is the establishing and maintaining of control over Antarctic land for exploitation and possibly settlement. [1]Antarctica was claimed by several states since the 16th century, culminating in a territorial competition in the first half of the 20th century when its interior was explored and the first Antarctic camps and bases were set up.
Antarctica is defined as all land and ice shelves south of 60° S for the purposes of the Treaty System. [1] The treaty was signed by twelve countries, including the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, Argentina, Chile, Australia, and the United States. Since 1959, a further 42 countries have acceded to the treaty.
Greenpeace maintained its Antarctic station in the Ross Dependency called World Park Base from 1987 to 1992, which was on Ross Island. As this base was a non-governmental entity, the official policy of the signatory nations of the Antarctic Treaty was not to give any support or assistance to it.
The treaty entered into force in 1961 and sets aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve, established freedom of scientific investigation and banned military activity on that continent. The treaty was the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War. [134]
Treaty establishing the neutrality and autonomous government of Samoa. [78]:116: Pan American Union: Treaty between the United States and countries in Latin America. Would later become the Organization of American States. [78]:129: 1891 Treaty of Madrid (1891) [note 124] Gives France legal protection of the word champagne. Puna de Atacama dispute
New Zealand is signatory to the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, which comes into effect in 1982. [9] 1982. 20 January Rob Muldoon becomes the first sitting Prime Minister of New Zealand to visit Antarctica. [9] June Antarctic Treaty nations meet in Wellington to discuss the exploitation of Antarctica's ...