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The earliest known use of the name is a 1971 British Coal memorandum on metrication, VB/CIRC/71(26). One gaul is defined as the resistance of an airway which, when air (of density 1.2 kg/m 3) flows along it at a rate of one cubic metre per second, causes a pressure drop of one pascal. The gaul has units of N·s 2 /m 8, or alternatively Pa·s 2 ...
To ensure consistency and repeatability, the methods use in the chemical analysis of water samples are often agreed and published at a national or state level. By convention these are often referred to as "Blue book". [4] [5] Certain analyses are performed in-field (e.g. pH, specific conductance) while others involve sampling and laboratory ...
A steep density gradient in a body of water can have the effect of trapping energy and preventing convection, such a gradient is employed in solar ponds. In the case of salt water, sharp gradients can lead to stratification of different concentrations of salinity. This is called a Halocline. [4]
Coal analysis techniques are specific analytical methods designed to measure the particular physical and chemical properties of coals. These methods are used primarily to determine the suitability of coal for coking , power generation or for iron ore smelting in the manufacture of steel .
Moisture analysis covers a variety of methods for measuring the moisture content in solids, liquids, or gases. For example, moisture (usually measured as a percentage) is a common specification in commercial food production. [ 1 ]
where g is the local acceleration due to gravity, V is the volume of the sample and of water (the same for both), ρ sample is the density of the sample, ρ H 2 O is the density of water, W V represents a weight obtained in vacuum, is the mass of the sample and is the mass of an equal volume of water. The density of water and of the sample ...
The flame test is a more well known version of the chemical test. It is only used on metallic ions. The metal powder is burned, causing an emission of colors based on what metal was burned. For example, calcium (Ca) will burn orange and copper (Cu) will burn blue. Their color emissions are used to produce bright colors in fireworks. [citation ...
2 is used as an extraction solvent, for example for determining total recoverable hydrocarbons from soils, sediments, fly-ash, and other media, [7] and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil and solid wastes. [8] Supercritical fluid extraction has been used in determining hydrocarbon components in water. [9] Processes that ...