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  2. Voltage clamp - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_clamp

    The experimenter sets a "holding voltage", or "command potential", and the voltage clamp uses negative feedback to maintain the cell at this voltage. The electrodes are connected to an amplifier, which measures membrane potential and feeds the signal into a feedback amplifier.

  3. Attenuator (genetics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuator_(genetics)

    The hybridization of strands 1 and 2 to form the 1–2 structure prevents the formation of the 2–3 structure, while the formation of 2-3 prevents the formation of 3–4. The 3–4 structure is a transcription termination sequence, once it forms RNA polymerase will disassociate from the DNA and transcription of the structural genes of the ...

  4. Catabolism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catabolism

    Released from alpha cells in the pancreas either when starving or when the body needs to generate additional energy; it stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in the liver to increase blood glucose levels; its effect is the opposite of insulin; glucagon and insulin are a part of a negative-feedback system that stabilizes blood glucose levels ...

  5. Bistability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bistability

    This signaling network illustrates the simultaneous positive and negative feedback loops whose exquisite sensitivity helps create a bistable switch. Bistability can only arise in biological and chemical systems if three necessary conditions are fulfilled: positive feedback , a mechanism to filter out small stimuli and a mechanism to prevent ...

  6. Housekeeping gene - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housekeeping_gene

    In molecular biology, housekeeping genes are typically constitutive genes that are required for the maintenance of basic cellular function, and are expressed in all cells of an organism under normal and patho-physiological conditions.

  7. Setpoint (control system) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setpoint_(control_system)

    Departure of such a variable from its setpoint is one basis for error-controlled regulation using negative feedback for automatic control. [3] A setpoint can be any physical quantity or parameter that a control system seeks to regulate, such as temperature, pressure, flow rate, position, speed, or any other measurable attribute.

  8. Perceptual control theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceptual_control_theory

    Perceptual control theory (PCT) is a model of behavior based on the properties of negative feedback control loops. A control loop maintains a sensed variable at or near a reference value by means of the effects of its outputs upon that variable, as mediated by physical properties of the environment.

  9. Density dependence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density_dependence

    Parasite-induced vector mortality is a form of negative density-dependence. The Onchocerciasis life cycle involves transmission via a black fly vector. In this life-cycle, the life expectancy of the black fly vector decreases as the worm load ingested by the vector increases.