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The proof that four is the highest degree of a general polynomial for which such solutions can be found was first given in the Abel–Ruffini theorem in 1824, proving that all attempts at solving the higher order polynomials would be futile.
Graph of a polynomial function of degree 4, with its 4 roots and 3 critical points. + + + + = where a ≠ 0. The quartic is the highest order polynomial equation that can be solved by radicals in the general case (i.e., one in which the coefficients can take any value).
For polynomials in two or more variables, the degree of a term is the sum of the exponents of the variables in the term; the degree (sometimes called the total degree) of the polynomial is again the maximum of the degrees of all terms in the polynomial. For example, the polynomial x 2 y 2 + 3x 3 + 4y has degree 4, the same degree as the term x ...
For a fourth-order polynomial = + + + + =, all coefficients must be positive, where [4] <, =,,,,; <; <. (When this is derived you do not know all coefficients should be positive, and you add >.) In general the Routh stability criterion states a polynomial has all roots in the open left half-plane if and only if all first-column elements of the ...
With low-order polynomials, the curve is more likely to fall near the midpoint (it's even guaranteed to exactly run through the midpoint on a first degree polynomial). Low-order polynomials tend to be smooth and high order polynomial curves tend to be "lumpy". To define this more precisely, the maximum number of inflection points possible in a ...
Polynomial interpolation also forms the basis for algorithms in numerical quadrature (Simpson's rule) and numerical ordinary differential equations (multigrid methods). In computer graphics, polynomials can be used to approximate complicated plane curves given a few specified points, for example the shapes of letters in typography.
For example, the 4th order Chebyshev polynomial from the example above is +, which by inspection contains no roots of zero. Creating the polynomial from the even order modified Chebyshev nodes creates a 4th order even order modified Chebyshev polynomial of X 4 − .828427 X 2 {\displaystyle X^{4}-.828427X^{2}} , which by inspection contains two ...
These two rules can be associated with Euler–MacLaurin formula with the first derivative term and named First order ... fourth derivative of such a polynomial is ...