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Furthermore, it is possible for genetic variability to be further increased by some cancer therapies (e.g. treatment with temozolomide and other chemotherapy drugs). [33] [34] Mutational tumor heterogeneity refers to variations in mutation frequency in different genes and samples and can be explored by MutSig Archived 2017-10-03 at the Wayback ...
A transmissible cancer is a cancer cell or cluster of cancer cells that can be transferred between individuals without the involvement of an infectious agent, such as an oncovirus. [1] [2] The evolution of transmissible cancer has occurred naturally in other animal species, but human cancer transmission is rare. [2]
Peto's paradox is the observation that, at the species level, the incidence of cancer does not appear to correlate with the number of cells in an organism. [1] For example, the incidence of cancer in humans is much higher than the incidence of cancer in whales, [2] despite whales having more cells than humans.
The tumor types are typical for each type of tumor suppressor gene mutation, with some mutations causing particular cancers, and other mutations causing others. The mode of inheritance of mutant tumor suppressors is that an affected member inherits a defective copy from one parent, and a normal copy from the other.
The AOM-induced tumours form in the last three centimeters of the distal colon but a p21 knock out mouse treated with AOM shows tumour distribution throughout the colon. [31] AOM-induced tumours are characterized with mutations in the Apc gene. [32]
The trial, involving 586 patients, tested the drug against chemotherapy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who had a specific gene mutation leading to abnormal cell growth. The ...
The classical theory developed in the early 70's anticipated that metastasis is due to genetically determined subpopulations in primary tumours. [2] The genetic variance between metastatic foci is significant for only particular locus and within specific cell populations or only one-cell population shows differences and some loci are divergent only in one cell subpopulation.
The cancer stem cell model, also known as the Hierarchical Model proposes that tumors are hierarchically organized (CSCs lying at the apex [6] (Fig. 3).) Within the cancer population of the tumors there are cancer stem cells (CSC) that are tumorigenic cells and are biologically distinct from other subpopulations [7] They have two defining features: their long-term ability to self-renew and ...