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The transfer function of a two-port electronic circuit, such as an amplifier, might be a two-dimensional graph of the scalar voltage at the output as a function of the scalar voltage applied to the input; the transfer function of an electromechanical actuator might be the mechanical displacement of the movable arm as a function of electric ...
First-order hold (FOH) is a mathematical model of the practical reconstruction of sampled signals that could be done by a conventional digital-to-analog converter (DAC) and an analog circuit called an integrator. For FOH, the signal is reconstructed as a piecewise linear approximation to the original signal that was sampled.
The transfer function coefficients can also be used to construct another type of canonical form ˙ = [] + [] () = [] (). This state-space realization is called observable canonical form because the resulting model is guaranteed to be observable (i.e., because the output exits from a chain of integrators, every state has an effect on the output).
The bilinear transform is a first-order Padé approximant of the natural logarithm function that is an exact mapping of the z-plane to the s-plane.When the Laplace transform is performed on a discrete-time signal (with each element of the discrete-time sequence attached to a correspondingly delayed unit impulse), the result is precisely the Z transform of the discrete-time sequence with the ...
In control system theory, and various branches of engineering, a transfer function matrix, or just transfer matrix is a generalisation of the transfer functions of single-input single-output (SISO) systems to multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) systems. [1] The matrix relates the outputs of the system to its inputs.
If the transfer function of a first-order low-pass filter has a zero as well as a pole, the Bode plot flattens out again, at some maximum attenuation of high frequencies; such an effect is caused for example by a little bit of the input leaking around the one-pole filter; this one-pole–one-zero filter is still a first-order low-pass.
The impulse response (that is, the output in response to a Kronecker delta input) of an N th-order discrete-time FIR filter lasts exactly + samples (from first nonzero element through last nonzero element) before it then settles to zero. FIR filters can be discrete-time or continuous-time, and digital or analog.
The transfer function for a first-order process with dead time is = + (), where k p is the process gain, τ p is the time constant, θ is the dead time, and u(s) is a step change input. Converting this transfer function to the time domain results in