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Engineer using a slide rule, with mechanical calculator in background, mid 20th century. A more modern form of slide rule was created in 1859 by French artillery lieutenant Amédée Mannheim, who was fortunate both in having his rule made by a firm of national reputation, and its adoption by the French Artillery. Mannheim's rule had two major ...
A slide rule. The sliding central slip is set to 1.3, the cursor to 2.0 and points to the multiplied result of 2.6. The slide rule was invented around 1620–1630, shortly after the publication of the concept of the logarithm. It is a hand-operated analog computer for doing multiplication and division.
The history of computing hardware spans the developments from early devices used for simple calculations to today's complex computers, encompassing advancements in both analog and digital technology. The first aids to computation were purely mechanical devices which required the operator to set up the initial values of an elementary arithmetic ...
The International Slide Rule Museum (ISRM) is an American museum dedicated to the preservation and display of slide rules and other mathematical artefacts. Established in 2003 by Michael Konshak, who serves as its curator, [3] [4] the museum houses a collection of slide rules from divers manufacturers and time periods, showcasing the evolution and importance of these instruments in the history ...
The law is, in a strict sense, only about correspondence; it does not state that communication structure is the cause of system structure, merely describes the connection. Different commentators have taken various positions on the direction of causality; that technical design causes the organization to restructure to fit, [ 10 ] that the ...
A slide rule scale is a line with graduated markings inscribed along the length of a slide rule used for mathematical calculations. The earliest such device had a single logarithmic scale for performing multiplication and division, but soon an improved technique was developed which involved two such scales sliding alongside each other.
The nature of communication, the actual data exchanged and any state-dependent behaviors, is defined by these specifications. In digital computing systems, the rules can be expressed by algorithms and data structures. Protocols are to communication what algorithms or programming languages are to computations. [3] [4]
The sequence numbers always obey the rule that n a ≤ n r ≤ n s < n t ≤ n a + w t. That is: n a ≤ n r: The highest acknowledgement received by the transmitter cannot be higher than the highest n r acknowledged by the receiver. n r ≤ n s: The span of fully received packets cannot extend beyond the end of the partially received packets.