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Access to a replicated entity is typically uniform with access to a single non-replicated entity. The replication itself should be transparent to an external user. In a failure scenario, a failover of replicas should be hidden as much as possible with respect to quality of service. [4] Computer scientists further describe replication as being ...
State-based CRDTs (also called convergent replicated data types, or CvRDTs) are defined by two types, a type for local states and a type for actions on the state, together with three functions: A function to produce an initial state, a merge function of states, and a function to apply an action to update a state. State-based CRDTs simply send ...
Reproducibility, closely related to replicability and repeatability, is a major principle underpinning the scientific method.For the findings of a study to be reproducible means that results obtained by an experiment or an observational study or in a statistical analysis of a data set should be achieved again with a high degree of reliability when the study is replicated.
If the mean of the model is μ m and the mean of system is μ s then the difference between the model and the system is D = μ m - μ s. The hypothesis to be tested is if D is within the acceptable range of accuracy. Let L = the lower limit for accuracy and U = upper limit for accuracy. Then H 0 L ≤ D ≤ U. versus H 1 D < L or D > U. is to ...
In computer science, a consistency model specifies a contract between the programmer and a system, wherein the system guarantees that if the programmer follows the rules for operations on memory, memory will be consistent and the results of reading, writing, or updating memory will be predictable.
In order to ensure replica convergence, a system must reconcile differences between multiple copies of distributed data. This consists of two parts: exchanging versions or updates of data between servers (often known as anti-entropy); [10] and; choosing an appropriate final state when concurrent updates have occurred, called reconciliation.
Persistence transparency – Whether a resource lies in volatile or permanent memory should make no difference to the user. Security transparency – Negotiation of cryptographically secure access of resources must require a minimum of user intervention, or users will circumvent the security in preference of productivity.
Monitor replicas for differences in State or Output. The remainder of this article develops the details of this technique. Step 1 and 2 are outside the scope of this article. Step 3 is the critical operation, see Ordering Inputs. Step 4 is covered by the State machine definition. Step 5, see Sending Outputs. Step 6, see Auditing and Failure ...