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The test is formatted with 60 different personality traits which participants rate themselves based on a 7-point Likert scale. Traits are evenly dispersed, 20 masculine, 20 feminine, and 20 filler traits thought to be gender neutral. [3] All traits in the BSRI are positively valued personality aspects. [4]
The Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ) is a personality test measuring two scales "instrumentality" and "expressivity", commonly taken to be masculinity and femininity, respectively. It is one of the most commonly used measures of gender identity, second only to the Bem Sex-Role Inventory. [1]
However, the feminine traits people are attracted to vary. “Some gynosexual individuals may be drawn to the physical aspects of femininity, such as feminine features or expressions of femininity ...
The idea was picked up in 1959 by Canadian-American sociologist Erving Goffman [13] and in 1990 by American philosopher Judith Butler, [14] who theorized that gender is not fixed or inherent but is rather a socially defined set of practices and traits that have, over time, grown to become labelled as feminine or masculine. [15]
Effeminacy or male femininity [1] [2] is the embodiment of feminine traits in boys or men, particularly those considered untypical of men or masculinity. [3] These traits include roles, stereotypes, behaviors, and appearances that are socially associated with girls and women.
"A real man enjoys a bit of danger now and then." "A man always deserves the respect of his wife and children." Living life on the edge through an outgoing spirit of adventure [6] Sometimes an unsuccessful man is acclaimed for his masculinity simply because it is known that he will use force at the slightest excuse. [7]
Cross-sex-typed individuals process and integrate information that is in line with the opposite gender. Their femininity and masculinity scores are reversed - below the median on the sex-congruent scale and above the median on the sex-incongruent scale. Androgynous individuals process and integrate traits and information from both genders.
These norms often pressure men to reject feminine traits in order to align with traditional masculine ideals, thereby perpetuating negative attitudes toward femininity. [ 4 ] Negative attitudes toward femininity, particularly when exhibited by men, are a significant factor contributing to anti-gay behaviors.