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According to James J. Gibson, humans perceive their environment in terms of affordances.Different animals and objects afford different context-dependent actions. For instance, the same trait may afford both costs and benefits depending on the who carries it, the social and environmental contexts, and the relative affordances or vulnerabilities of the one interacting with the object.
Scientific racism, sometimes termed biological racism, is the pseudoscientific belief that the human species is divided into biologically distinct taxa called "races", [1] [2] [3] and that empirical evidence exists to support or justify racial discrimination, racial inferiority, or racial superiority.
The word "race", interpreted to mean an identifiable group of people who share a common descent, was introduced into English in the 16th century from the Old French rasse (1512), from Italian razza: the Oxford English Dictionary cites the earliest example around the mid-16th century and defines its early meaning as a "group of people belonging to the same family and descended from a common ...
Race, Evolution, and Behavior: A Life History Perspective is a book by Canadian psychologist and author J. Philippe Rushton. Rushton was a professor of psychology at the University of Western Ontario for many years, and the head of the controversial Pioneer Fund .
[5] [6] Richard D. Ryder, who coined the term, defined it as "a prejudice or attitude of bias in favour of the interests of members of one's own species and against those of members of other species". [7] Speciesism results in the belief that humans have the right to use non-human animals in exploitative ways which is pervasive in the modern ...
The Spanish sociologist Ramón Flecha instead used the term "postmodern racism". [6] Étienne Balibar's concept of "neo-racism" was an early formulation of what later became widely termed "cultural racism". The term "racism" is one of the most controversial and ambiguous words used within the social sciences. [7]
The term has been coined by race and racism scholar Ambalavaner Sivanandan and expanded on by other scholars like Liz Fekete. [1] [4] Sivanandan defined it in his 2001 article Poverty is a New Black as "xenophobia that bears all marks of the old racism, except that it is not colour coded. It is racism in substance, though xeno in form."
The term "racial discrimination" shall mean any distinction, exclusion, restriction, or preference based on race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin that has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic ...