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An S-layer (surface layer) is a part of the cell envelope found in almost all archaea, as well as in many types of bacteria. [1] [2] The S-layers of both archaea and bacteria consists of a monomolecular layer composed of only one (or, in a few cases, two) identical proteins or glycoproteins. [3]
The consequential protein surface interactions result in high local concentrations of adsorbed protein, reaching concentrations of up to 1000 times higher than in the bulk solution. [5] However, the body is much more complex, containing flow and convective diffusion, and these must be considered in the rate of protein adsorption.
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a large locus on vertebrate DNA containing a set of closely linked polymorphic genes that code for cell surface proteins essential for the adaptive immune system. These cell surface proteins are called MHC molecules. Its name comes from its discovery during the study of transplanted tissue ...
Viral proteins are grouped according to their functions, and groups of viral proteins include structural proteins, nonstructural proteins, regulatory proteins, and accessory proteins. [1] Viruses are non-living and do not have the means to reproduce on their own, instead depending on their host cell's machinery to do this.
Receptor protein: cells must have cell surface receptor proteins which bind to the signaling molecule and communicate inward into the cell. Intracellular signaling proteins: these pass the signal to the organelles of the cell.
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are a subset of cell surface proteins [1] that are involved in the binding of cells with other cells or with the extracellular matrix (ECM), in a process called cell adhesion. [2] In essence, CAMs help cells stick to each other and to their surroundings.
A normal cell will display peptides from normal cellular protein turnover on its class I MHC, and CTLs will not be activated in response to them due to central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms. When a cell expresses foreign proteins, such as after viral infection, a fraction of the class I MHC will display these peptides on the cell surface.
Protein A is a 42 kDa surface protein originally found in the cell wall of the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. It is encoded by the spa gene and its regulation is controlled by DNA topology, cellular osmolarity, and a two-component system called ArlS-ArlR. It has found use in biochemical research because of its ability to bind immunoglobulins ...