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Cum non solum was a letter written by Pope Innocent IV to the Mongols on March 13, 1245. In it, Pope Innocent appeals to the Mongols to desist from attacking Christians and other nations, and inquires as to the Mongols' future intentions. [1]
Francis Woodman Cleaves (born in Boston in 1911 and died in New Hampshire on December 31, 1995 [citation needed]) was a sinologist, linguist, and historian who taught at Harvard University, and was the founder of Sino-Mongolian studies in America. [1] He is well known for his translation of The Secret History of the Mongols.
They openly employed anti-Mongol and anti-dynastic slogans including "Defeat the Qing and wipe of the Mongols" (平 清 掃 胡) and "Kill Mongols in revenge" (仇 殺 蒙 古). [45] The Jindandao devastated Mongol communities in the southeastern borderland and forced many Mongols to take refuge in northern banners. [45]
The book suggests that the western depiction of the Mongols as savages who destroyed civilization was due to the Mongols' approach to dealing with the competing leadership classes. The Mongols practiced killing the ruling classes in order to subdue the general population, a technique used by other cultures as well.
The Mongol-American Cultural Association (MACA) was created to preserve and promote Mongol culture in the United States. MACA understands the term Mongol to be inclusive of the people and cultures of all regions where Mongol groups have traditionally lived; in addition to Mongolia, it includes the people and cultures of Kalmykia , Buryatia ...
The Twain–Ament indemnities controversy was a major cause célèbre in the United States of America in 1901 as a consequence of the published reactions of American humorist Mark Twain to reports of Rev. William Scott Ament and other missionaries collecting indemnities (in excess of losses) from Chinese people in the aftermath of the Boxer Uprising.
A barbarian is a person or tribe of people that is perceived to be primitive, savage and warlike. [1] Many cultures have referred to other cultures as barbarians, sometimes out of misunderstanding and sometimes out of prejudice.
The Azzam Pasha quotation was part of a statement made by Abdul Rahman Hassan Azzam, the Secretary-General of the Arab League from 1945 to 1952, in which he declared in 1947 that, were a war to take place with the proposed establishment of a Jewish state, it would lead to "a war of extermination and momentous massacre which will be spoken of like the Mongolian massacre and the Crusades."