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These generally covariant theories describes a spacetime endowed with both a metric and a unit timelike vector field named the aether. The aether in this theory is "a Lorentz-violating vector field" [1] unrelated to older luminiferous aether theories; the "Einstein" in the theory's name comes from its use of Einstein's general relativity ...
Einstein showed how the velocity of light in a moving medium is calculated, in the velocity-addition formula of special relativity. Einstein's theory of general relativity provides the solution to the other light-dragging effects, whereby the velocity of light is modified by the motion or the rotation of nearby masses.
As historians such as John Stachel argue, Einstein's views on the "new aether" are not in conflict with his abandonment of the aether in 1905. As Einstein himself pointed out, no "substance" and no state of motion can be attributed to that new aether. [10] Einstein's use of the word "aether" found little support in the scientific community, and ...
In the theory, the one-way speed of light is principally only equal to the two-way speed in the aether frame, though not in other frames due to the motion of the observer through the aether. However, the difference between the one-way and two-way speeds of light can never be observed due to the action of the aether on the clocks and lengths.
The Ellis drainhole is the earliest-known complete mathematical model of a traversable wormhole.It is a static, spherically symmetric solution of the Einstein vacuum field equations augmented by inclusion of a scalar field minimally coupled to the geometry of space-time with coupling polarity opposite to the orthodox polarity (negative instead of positive):
and is the drainhole parameter that survives after the parameter of the Ellis drainhole solution is set to 0 to stop the ether flow and thereby eliminate gravity. If one goes further and sets n {\displaystyle n} to 0, the metric becomes that of Minkowski space-time , the flat space-time of the special theory of relativity .
1903 – Olinto De Pretto presents his aether theory with some form of mass–energy equivalence. [15] It was described by a formula looking like Einstein’s E = mc 2, but with different meanings of the terms. 1903 – Frederick Thomas Trouton and H.R. Noble publish the results of their experiment with capacitors, showing no aether drift. [16 ...
The way out of this dilemma was the proposal by George Francis FitzGerald (1889) and Lorentz (1892) that matter is contracted in the line of motion with respect to the aether (length contraction). That is, the older hypothesis of a contraction of electrostatic fields was extended to intermolecular forces.