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The neonatal benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome has been reported to persist from hours to months after birth. [131] A withdrawal syndrome is seen in about 20% of pediatric intensive care unit children after infusions with benzodiazepines or opioids. [132]
Benzodiazepines can induce a severe benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome as well as drug seeking behavior. Sedative-hypnotics such as alcohol, benzodiazepines, and the barbiturates are known for the severe physical dependence that they are capable of inducing which can result in severe withdrawal effects. [13]
Long-term use of benzodiazepines can induce perceptual disturbances and depersonalization in some people, even in those taking a stable daily dosage, and it can also become a protracted withdrawal feature of the benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome. [55] In addition, chronic use of benzodiazepines is a risk factor for blepharospasm. [56]
benzodiazepines such as diazepam (Valium), lorazepam (Ativan), and alprazolam (Xanax) (see benzodiazepine dependence and benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome) nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics such as zopiclone and zolpidem. [12] gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) and 1,4-butanediol [13] carisoprodol (Soma) and related carbamates (tybamate and meprobamate)
Tolerance occurs to the muscle-relaxant, anticonvulsant, and sleep-inducing effects of benzodiazepines, and upon cessation a benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome occurs. This can lead to benzodiazepines being taken for longer than originally intended, as people continue to take the drugs over a long period of time to suppress withdrawal symptoms.
Failure to manage the alcohol withdrawal syndrome appropriately can lead to permanent brain damage or death. [ 11 ] Acamprosate , a drug used to promote abstinence from alcohol, an NMDA antagonist drug, reduces excessive glutamate activity in the central nervous system and thereby may reduce excitotoxicity and withdrawal related brain damage.
Despite the clinic’s failure rate, she has not considered making the medication more accessible. “I don’t know how to answer that question,” she said. “We are an abstinence-based program by nature.” The state’s treatment providers have little idea how their patients fare once they walk out the door.
Chlordiazepoxide can cause physical dependence and what is known as the benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome. Withdrawal from chlordiazepoxide or other benzodiazepines often leads to withdrawal symptoms that are similar to those seen with alcohol and barbiturates. The higher the dose and the longer the drug is taken, the greater the risk of ...
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