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2. Naismith's rule - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naismith's_rule

   Pace [6] in minutes per kilometre or mile vs. slope angle resulting from Naismith's rule [7] for basal speeds of 5 and 4 km / h. [n 1] The original Naismith's rule from 1892 says that one should allow one hour per three miles on the map and an additional hour per 2000 feet of ascent. [1] [4] It is included in the last sentence of his report ...

3. Grade (slope) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_(slope)

   The grade (US) or gradient (UK) (also called stepth, slope, incline, mainfall, pitch or rise) of a physical feature, landform or constructed line refers to the tangent of the angle of that surface to the horizontal. It is a special case of the slope, where zero indicates horizontality. A larger number indicates higher or steeper degree of "tilt ...

4. Rule of three (aeronautics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_three_(aeronautics)

   In aviation, the rule of three or "3:1 rule of descent" is a rule of thumb that 3 nautical miles (5.6 km) of travel should be allowed for every 1,000 feet (300 m) of descent. [1][2] For example, a descent from flight level 350 would require approximately 35x3=105 nautical miles. This would have to be adjusted for headwind or tailwind, [1] and ...

5. Final approach - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_approach

   An approach slope is the path that an aircraft follows on its final approach to land on a runway. It is ideally a gentle downward slope. A commonly used approach slope is 3° from the horizontal. However, some airports have a steeper approach slope because of topography, buildings, or other considerations.

6. Tobler's hiking function - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobler's_hiking_function

   Tobler's hiking function – walking speed vs. slope angle chart. Tobler's hiking function is an exponential function determining the hiking speed, taking into account the slope angle. [1][2][3] It was formulated by Waldo Tobler. This function was estimated from empirical data of Eduard Imhof.

7. Instrument approach - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_approach

   A useful formula pilots use to calculate descent rates (for the standard 3° glide slope): Rate of descent = (ground speed ⁄ 2) × 10. or Rate of descent = ground speed × 5. For other glideslope angles: Rate of descent = glide slope angle × ground speed × 100 / 60, where rate of descent is in feet per minute, and ground speed is in knots.