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The respiratory quotient (RQ or respiratory coefficient) is a dimensionless number used in calculations of basal metabolic rate (BMR) when estimated from carbon dioxide production. It is calculated from the ratio of carbon dioxide produced by the body to oxygen consumed by the body, when the body is in a steady state.
The brainstem respiratory centers decrease alveolar ventilation (hypoventilation) to create a rise in arterial carbon dioxide (CO 2) tension, resulting in a decrease of plasma pH. [1] However, as there is limitation for decreasing respiration, respiratory compensation is less efficient at compensating for metabolic alkalosis than for acidosis.
In physiology, respiration is the transport of oxygen from the outside environment to the cells within tissues, and the removal of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction to the environment by a respiratory system.
The concentration of carbon dioxide (CO 2) rises in the blood when the metabolic use of oxygen (O 2), and the production of CO 2 is increased during, for example, exercise. The CO 2 in the blood is transported largely as bicarbonate (HCO 3 − ) ions, by conversion first to carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3 ), by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase , and then ...
Anaerobic cellular respiration and fermentation generate ATP in very different ways, and the terms should not be treated as synonyms. Cellular respiration (both aerobic and anaerobic) uses highly reduced chemical compounds such as NADH and FADH 2 (for example produced during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle) to establish an electrochemical gradient (often a proton gradient) across a membrane.
Including one H + for the transport reactions, this means that synthesis of one ATP requires 1 + 10/3 = 4.33 protons in yeast and 1 + 8/3 = 3.67 in vertebrates. This would imply that in human mitochondria the 10 protons from oxidizing NADH would produce 2.72 ATP (instead of 2.5) and the 6 protons from oxidizing succinate or ubiquinol would ...
In metal carbon dioxide complexes, CO 2 serves as a ligand, which can facilitate the conversion of CO 2 to other chemicals. [25] The reduction of CO 2 to CO is ordinarily a difficult and slow reaction: CO 2 + 2 e − + 2 H + → CO + H 2 O. The redox potential for this reaction near pH 7 is about −0.53 V versus the standard hydrogen electrode.
The electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide, also known as CO2RR, is the conversion of carbon dioxide (CO 2) to more reduced chemical species using electrical energy. It represents one potential step in the broad scheme of carbon capture and utilization. [1]