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North and South Vietnam therefore remained divided until the Vietnam War ended with the Fall of Saigon in 1975. After 1976, the newly reunified Vietnam faced many difficulties including internal repression and isolation from the international community due to the Cold War , Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia and an American economic embargo. [ 1 ]
Three agreements about French Indochina, covering Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam, were signed on 21 July 1954 and took effect two days later. Diplomats from South Korea , North Korea , the People's Republic of China , the Soviet Union , and the United States dealt with the Korean side of the conference.
The first phase, from 1976 through 1980, incorporated the Second Five-Year Plan (1976–80)--the First Five-Year Plan (1960–65) applied to North Vietnam only. [1] The second phase, called "socialist industrialization", was divided into two stages: from 1981 through 1990 and from 1991 through 2005. [1]
The NLF, also known as the Viet Cong (VC), was an umbrella of front groups, set up by North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) to conduct the insurgency in South Vietnam. The NLF also included fully armed formations – regional and local guerrillas, and the People's Liberation Armed Forces (PLAF).
Vietnam had been split into two opposing countries: North Vietnam, a communist country that fought the French and thus came into opposition with American ideals; and South Vietnam, a capitalist country that fought alongside the French and was generally in line with the U.S.' geopolitical outlook that communism had to be contained.
In response, as an action to support the pro-Beijing Khmer Rouge regime, China increased its pressure on Vietnam, and sent troops into Northern Vietnam in 1979 to "punish" Vietnam. Relations between the two countries had been deteriorating for some time.
General Vinh left Vietnam for exile in Paris, thereby reducing the possibility of a military coup against the Diệm government. His principal co-conspirators followed. Vinh had been ordered to leave Vietnam almost two months earlier by Diệm, but had ignored the order until ordered to depart by Bảo Đại. [20]: 636 [23]
About 90,000 Việt Minh were evacuated to the North while 5,000 to 10,000 cadre remained in the South, most of them with orders to refocus on political activity and agitation. [9] The Saigon-Cholon Peace Committee, the first Việt Cộng front, was founded in 1954 to provide leadership for this group. [9]