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This group of organisms includes viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoans. While these pathogenic organisms can quickly adapt, other marine life is weakened by rapid changes to their environment. In addition, microbes are becoming more abundant due to aquaculture, the farming of aquatic life, and human waste polluting the ocean.
However, the disease can also develop without the fish showing any external signs of illness, the fish maintain a normal appetite, and then they suddenly die. The disease can progress slowly throughout an infected farm and, in the worst cases, death rates may approach 100 per cent. It is also a threat to the dwindling stocks of wild salmon.
With capture fishery production relatively static since the late 1980s, aquaculture has been responsible for the continuing growth in the supply of fish for human consumption. [24] Global aquaculture production (including aquatic plants) in 2016 was 110.2 million tonnes, with the first-sale value estimated at US$244 billion.
VHS disease in a gizzard shad. Viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS) is a deadly infectious fish disease caused by Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus. It afflicts over 50 species of freshwater and marine fish in several parts of the Northern Hemisphere. [1] Different strains of the virus occur in different regions, and affect different species.
Human consumption of fish affected by black gill disease is harmless. [1] A significant portion of the aquaculture communities and fishing businesses have scientifically observed a steady decline in healthy fish capture since 1996, [1] contributing to a shortage [2] of shrimp and fish in the food industry.
Such causes can include disease, competition, cannibalism, old age, predation, pollution or any other natural factor that causes the death of fish. In fisheries models natural mortality is denoted by (M). [1] Fishing mortality: the removal of fish from the stock due to fishing activities using any fishing gear. [1]
According to a 2019 FAO report, global production of fish, crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic animals has continued to grow and reached 172.6 million tonnes in 2017, with an increase of 4.1 percent compared with 2016. [2] There is a growing gap between the supply of fish and demand, due in part to world population growth. [3]
The virus is highly infectious and causes large economic losses in the fish farming industry, particularly in Norway and Scotland. In 2010, the economic loss was estimated to be 0.72 € per kg in Norwegian salmon production due to high mortality rates, reduced growth and the quality of the finished product. [4] [5]