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  2. Grade (slope) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_(slope)

    Grade is usually expressed as a percentage - converted to the angle α by taking the inverse tangent of the standard mathematical slope, which is rise / run or the grade / 100. If one looks at red numbers on the chart specifying grade, one can see the quirkiness of using the grade to specify slope; the numbers go from 0 for flat, to 100% at 45 ...

  3. Topographic Abney level - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topographic_Abney_Level

    The scale is reversible. As shown in the photo, it is set for measuring percent grade. The reverse measures degrees of arc. An Abney level and clinometer is an instrument used in surveying which consists of a fixed sighting tube, a movable spirit level that is connected to a pointing arm, and a protractor scale. An internal mirror allows the ...

  4. Stream gradient - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_gradient

    Stream gradient (or stream slope) is the grade (or slope) of a stream. It is measured by the ratio of drop in elevation and horizontal distance. [ 1 ] It is a dimensionless quantity , usually expressed in units of meters per kilometer (m/km) or feet per mile (ft/mi); it may also be expressed in percent (%).

  5. List of steepest gradients on adhesion railways - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_steepest_gradients...

    (4.5%) Balsam Mountain Grade, Balsam N.C. Balsam Mountain, home of highest railroad station east of the Rockies; average grade about 4.0%, max 4.5%. 1 of 2 grades on southern railways former Murphy branch that are +4% grade. Balsam Mountain has seen many runaways. It is still in service operated by the Blue Ridge Southern Railroad .

  6. File:Grade slope.svg - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grade_slope.svg

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  7. Projected COLA for 2025: September update — how it's ...

    www.aol.com/finance/social-security-cost-of...

    The projected 2025 COLA for Social Security is 2.5%, according to an emailed September 11 TSCL press release, resulting in another drop. That percentage is likely to change, but the concern is ...

  8. Tree height measurement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_height_measurement

    Many clinometers and Abney levels have a percent-grade scale that gives 100 times the tangent of the angle. This scale gives the tree height in feet directly when measured at a distance of 100 feet (30 m) from the tree.

  9. Drainage gradient - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_gradient

    Typically on straight road sections, the drainage gradient is at least 1–3% due to the normal cross slope of 1–3%. In curved sections the drainage gradient is higher, and may often reach 5–12% due to superelevated CS that may reach 5–8% in areas with icy roads and up to 12% in areas without icy roads.