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In biochemistry, denaturation is a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose folded structure present in their native state due to various factors, including application of some external stress or compound, such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic solvent (e.g., alcohol or chloroform), agitation and radiation, or heat. [3]
Superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) is an enzyme that alternately catalyzes the dismutation (or partitioning) of the superoxide (O − 2) anion radical into normal molecular oxygen (O 2) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2). Superoxide is produced as a by-product of oxygen metabolism and, if not regulated, causes many types of cell damage. [2]
In plants, PPO is a plastidic enzyme with unclear synthesis and function. In functional chloroplasts, it may be involved in oxygen chemistry like mediation of pseudocyclic photophosphorylation. [15] Enzyme nomenclature differentiates between monophenol oxidase enzymes (tyrosinases) and o-diphenol:oxygen oxidoreductase enzymes (catechol oxidases).
Glutathione reductase (GR) also known as glutathione-disulfide reductase (GSR) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GSR gene.Glutathione reductase (EC 1.8.1.7) catalyzes the reduction of glutathione disulfide to the sulfhydryl form glutathione (), which is a critical molecule in resisting oxidative stress and maintaining the reducing environment of the cell.
Downstream pathways of p53 act to either halt cell cycle progression in G1 or G2 phases of the cell cycle [48] or promote cell-death, depending on the severity of the DNA damage. [49] See schematic of the role of USP7 in the p53-dependent pathway. [48] or promote cell-death, depending on the severity of the DNA damage. [49]
Proteolysis is typically catalysed by cellular enzymes called proteases, but may also occur by intra-molecular digestion. Proteolysis in organisms serves many purposes; for example, digestive enzymes break down proteins in food to provide amino acids for the organism, while proteolytic processing of a polypeptide chain after its synthesis may ...
Using fine structural distinctions, it is possible to recognize and differentiate between the types of cell death, Acid phosphate and cell deletion: Acid phosphate is an enzyme or group of iso-enzymes which can be used in demonstrating cell death and this can be easily observed by the electron microscope.
Deoxyribozymes, also called DNA enzymes, DNAzymes, or catalytic DNA, are DNA oligonucleotides that are capable of performing a specific chemical reaction, often but not always catalytic. This is similar to the action of other biological enzymes , such as proteins or ribozymes (enzymes composed of RNA ). [ 1 ]