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Relationship of the atmosphere and ionosphere. The ionosphere (/ aɪ ˈ ɒ n ə ˌ s f ɪər /) [1] [2] is the ionized part of the upper atmosphere of Earth, from about 48 km (30 mi) to 965 km (600 mi) above sea level, [3] a region that includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere. The ionosphere is ionized by solar ...
Earth was discovered to have a solid inner core distinct from its molten Earth's outer core in 1936, by the Danish seismologist Inge Lehmann's [7] [8] study of seismograms from earthquakes in New Zealand, detected by sensitive seismographs on the Earth's surface. She deduced that the seismic waves reflect off the boundary of the inner core and ...
The F region of the ionosphere is home to the F layer of ionization, also called the Appleton–Barnett layer, after the English physicist Edward Appleton and New Zealand physicist and meteorologist Miles Barnett. As with other ionospheric sectors, 'layer' implies a concentration of plasma, while 'region' is the volume that contains the said layer.
Earth’s inner core, a red-hot ball of iron 1,800 miles below our feet, stopped spinning recently, and it may now be reversing directions, according to an analysis of seismic activity.
Lehmann was the first to suggest that wayward P waves might be interacting with a solid inner core within the liquid outer core, based on data from a massive earthquake in New Zealand in 1929.
Here R is the mean Earth radius, H is the mean height of the ionosphere shell. The IPP or Ionospheric Pierce Point is the altitude in the ionosphere where electron density is greatest. [1] These points can change based on factors like time of day, solar activity, and geographical location, which all influence ionospheric conditions. [2]
Earth's inner core may be rotating at a slightly higher angular velocity than the remainder of the planet, advancing by 0.1–0.5° per year, although both somewhat higher and much lower rates have also been proposed. [134] The radius of the inner core is about one-fifth of that of Earth. The density increases with depth.
Ancient helium that became trapped in Earth’s core when our planet formed billions of years ago may be leaking from lava flows, according to researchers. Earth’s core is leaking, scientists ...