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There are two kinds of changes that can affect stem vowels of some Spanish verbs: diphthongization and vowel raising. Both changes affect -e-or -o-in the last (or only) syllable of a verb stem. Diphthongization changes -e-to -ie-, and -o-to -ue-. Vowel raising changes the mid vowels-e-and -o-to the corresponding high vowels: -i-and -u-respectively.
In linguistics, a word stem is a part of a word responsible for its lexical meaning. Typically, a stem remains unmodified during inflection with few exceptions due to apophony (for example in Polish, miast-o ("city") and w mieść-e ("in the city"); in English, sing, sang, and sung, where it can be modified according to morphological rules or peculiarities, such as sandhi).
Navajo vowel ablaut, depending on the verb, may be a change in vowel, vowel length, nasality, and/or tone. For example, the verb stem kaah/-ką́ 'to handle an open container' has a total of 16 combinations of the 5 modes and 4 aspects, resulting in 7 different verb stem forms (i.e. -kaah , -kááh , -kaał , -kááł , -ka’ , -ká , -ką́ ).
The infinitive is formed by adding a prefix to the stem: either iha-[iʔa-] (plus a vowel change of certain vowel-initial stems) if the complement clause is transitive, or ica-[ika-] (and no vowel change) if the complement clause is intransitive. The infinitive shows agreement in number with the controlling subject.
The number of STEM majors has surged in recent years — yet these graduates don't work in STEM occupations. Employers and investors are to blame. Opinion: Why pushing STEM majors is turning out ...
The preterite and past participle forms of irregular verbs follow certain patterns. These include ending in -t (e.g. build, bend, send), stem changes (whether it is a vowel, such as in sit, win or hold, or a consonant, such as in teach and seek, that changes), or adding the [n] suffix to the past participle form (e.g. drive, show, rise ...
A stemmer for English operating on the stem cat should identify such strings as cats, catlike, and catty. A stemming algorithm might also reduce the words fishing, fished, and fisher to the stem fish. The stem need not be a word, for example the Porter algorithm reduces argue, argued, argues, arguing, and argus to the stem argu.
*kérd-oː (change from consonant stem to n-stem). Some changes are assimilations that are unexpected but of a cross-linguistically common type, e.g. føːwər "four" >! fowər where ** fewər would be expected by normal sound change. Assimilations involving adjacent numbers are especially common, e.g. *kʷetwṓr "four" >!