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Benzene can be readily converted to chlorobenzene by nucleophilic aromatic substitution via a benzyne intermediate. [1] Chlorobenzene is treated with aqueous sodium hydroxide at 350 °C and 300 bar or molten sodium hydroxide at 350 °C to convert it to sodium phenoxide, which yields phenol upon acidification. [2]
Via the Hock rearrangement, cyclohexylbenzene hydroperoxide cleaves to give phenol and cyclohexanone. Cyclohexanone is an important precursor to some nylons. [8] Starting with the alkylation of benzene with mixture of 1 and 2-butenes, the cumene process produces phenol and butanones. [5]
Formyl functional group is shown in blue. Formylation refers to any chemical processes in which a compound is functionalized with a formyl group (-CH=O). In organic chemistry, the term is most commonly used with regards to aromatic compounds (for example the conversion of benzene to benzaldehyde in the Gattermann–Koch reaction).
In commercial applications, the alkylating agents are generally alkenes, some of the largest scale reactions practiced in industry.Such alkylations are of major industrial importance, e.g. for the production of ethylbenzene, the precursor to polystyrene, from benzene and ethylene and for the production of cumene from benzene and propene in cumene process:
In organic chemistry, phenols, sometimes called phenolics, are a class of chemical compounds consisting of one or more hydroxyl groups (−O H) bonded directly to an aromatic hydrocarbon group. [1] The simplest is phenol, C 6 H 5 OH. Phenolic compounds are classified as simple phenols or polyphenols based on the number of phenol units in the ...
The mechanism of S N 2 reaction does not occur due to steric hindrance of the benzene ring. In order to attack the C atom, the nucleophile must approach in line with the C-LG (leaving group) bond from the back, where the benzene ring lies. It follows the general rule for which S N 2 reactions occur only at a tetrahedral carbon atom.
Duff reaction syringaldehyde. Unlike other formylation reactions the Duff reaction is able to attach multiple aldehyde groups. If both ortho positions are vacant then a diformylation is possible, as in the formation of diformylcresol from p-cresol. [6] Conversion of phenol to the corresponding 1,3,5-trialdehyde has also been reported [7]
The mechanism of the Reimer-Tiemann reaction. Chloroform (1) is deprotonated by a strong base (normally hydroxide) to form the chloroform carbanion (2) which will quickly alpha-eliminate to give dichlorocarbene (3); this is the principal reactive species.