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APA style (also known as APA format) is a writing style and format for academic documents such as scholarly journal articles and books. It is commonly used for citing sources within the field of behavioral and social sciences , including sociology, education, nursing, criminal justice, anthropology, and psychology.
Consider what one Amazon.com reviewer of Mac Lane and Birkhoff's Algebra, 3/e, ISBN 978-0-8218-1646-2, says about this book in three editions: "[I]t also contained unusual topics such as multilinear algebra and affine and projective spaces, but no Galois theory. The second edition has gained a chapter on Galois theory, but has lost the part on ...
In algebra, it is a notation to resolve ambiguity (for instance, "b times 2" may be written as b⋅2, to avoid being confused with a value called b 2). This notation is used wherever multiplication should be written explicitly, such as in " ab = a ⋅2 for b = 2 "; this usage is also seen in English-language texts.
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In mathematics, more specifically algebra, abstract algebra or modern algebra is the study of algebraic structures, which are sets with specific operations acting on their elements. [1] Algebraic structures include groups , rings , fields , modules , vector spaces , lattices , and algebras over a field .
Reference notes. A reference card or reference sheet (or quick reference card) or crib sheet is a concise bundling of condensed notes about a specific topic, such as mathematical formulas [1] to calculate area/volume, or common syntactic rules and idioms of a particular computer platform, application program, or formal language.
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In ring theory, a branch of mathematics, a Peirce decomposition / ˈ p ɜːr s / is a decomposition of an algebra as a sum of eigenspaces of commuting idempotent elements.The Peirce decomposition for associative algebras was introduced by Benjamin Peirce (1870, proposition 41, page 13).