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Gauss's law for gravity – Restatement of Newton's law of universal gravitation; Jordan and Einstein frames – different conventions for the metric tensor, in a theory of a dilaton coupled to gravity; Kepler orbit – Celestial orbit whose trajectory is a conic section in the orbital plane
Sir Isaac Newton at 46 in Godfrey Kneller's 1689 portrait. The following article is part of a biography of Sir Isaac Newton, the English mathematician and scientist, author of the Principia. It portrays the years after Newton's birth in 1643, his education, as well as his early scientific contributions, before the writing of his main work, the Principia Mathematica, in 1685. Overview of Newton ...
The existence of the gravitational constant was explored by various researchers from the mid-17th century, helping Isaac Newton formulate his law of universal gravitation. Newton's classical mechanics were superseded in the early 20th century, when Einstein developed the special and general theories of relativity.
Newton himself often told the story that he was inspired to formulate his theory of gravitation by watching the fall of an apple from a tree. [ 226 ] [ 227 ] The story is believed to have passed into popular knowledge after being related by Catherine Barton , Newton's niece, to Voltaire . [ 228 ]
The "first great unification" was Isaac Newton's 17th century unification of gravity, which brought together the understandings of the observable phenomena of gravity on Earth with the observable behaviour of celestial bodies in space. [2] [4] [5] His work is credited with laying the foundations of future endeavors for a grand unified theory.
Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (English: The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), [1] often referred to as simply the Principia (/ p r ɪ n ˈ s ɪ p i ə, p r ɪ n ˈ k ɪ p i ə /), is a book by Isaac Newton that expounds Newton's laws of motion and his law of universal gravitation.
However, until 1915 gravity stood apart as a force still described by action-at-a-distance. In that year, Einstein showed that a field theory of spacetime, general relativity, consistent with relativity can explain gravity. New effects resulting from this theory were dramatic for cosmology but minor for planetary motion and physics on Earth ...
1911 – Albert Einstein explains the need to replace both special relativity and Newton's theory of gravity; he realizes that the principle of equivalence only holds locally, not globally. [53] 1912 – Friedrich Kottler applies the notion of tensors to curved spacetime. [54] [52] 1915-16 – Albert Einstein completes his general theory of ...