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A small version of a betatron was also used to provide a source of hard X-rays (by deceleration of the electron beam in a target) for prompt initiation of some experimental nuclear weapons by means of photon-induced fission and photofission in the bomb core. [16] [17] [18]
A Bitter electromagnet or Bitter solenoid is a type of electromagnet invented in 1933 by American physicist Francis Bitter used in scientific research to create extremely strong magnetic fields. Bitter electromagnets have been used to achieve the strongest continuous manmade magnetic fields on earth―up to 45 teslas , as of 2011 [update] .
[1] An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is produced by an electric current. Electromagnets usually consist of wire (likely copper) wound into a coil. A current through the wire creates a magnetic field which is concentrated along the center of the coil. The magnetic field disappears when the current is turned off.
After the war, Bitter returned to MIT and joined the faculty of the physics department. He became a full professor in 1951, and from 1956 to 1960, he served as associate dean of MIT's school of science. From 1962 to 1965, Bitter was the housemaster of Ashdown House, MIT's graduate dormitory. [citation needed]
Cutaway diagram of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) the largest tokamak in the world, which began construction in 2013 and is projected to begin full operation in 2035. It is intended as a demonstration that a practical fusion reactor is possible, and will produce 500 megawatts of power.
Ferrofluid on glass, with a rare-earth magnet underneath. A rare-earth magnet is a strong permanent magnet made from alloys of rare-earth elements.Developed in the 1970s and 1980s, rare-earth magnets are the strongest type of permanent magnets made, producing significantly stronger magnetic fields than other types such as ferrite or alnico magnets.
This gives the Nd 2 Fe 14 B compound a high saturation magnetization (J s ≈ 1.6 T or 16 kG) and a remanent magnetization of typically 1.3 teslas. Therefore, as the maximum energy density is proportional to J s 2 , this magnetic phase has the potential for storing large amounts of magnetic energy ( BH max ≈ 512 kJ/m 3 or 64 MG·Oe ).
In 2007, a magnet with windings of YBCO achieved a world record field of 26.8 T. [13] The US National Research Council has a goal of creating a 30-tesla superconducting magnet. Globally in 2014, almost six billion US dollars worth of economic activity resulted from which superconductivity is indispensable.