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Wire-grid Cobb–Douglas production surface with isoquants A two-input Cobb–Douglas production function with isoquants. In economics and econometrics, the Cobb–Douglas production function is a particular functional form of the production function, widely used to represent the technological relationship between the amounts of two or more inputs (particularly physical capital and labor) and ...
The average product of labor (APL) is the total product of labor divided by the number of units of labor employed, or Q/L. [2] The average product of labor is a common measure of labor productivity. [4] [5] The AP L curve is shaped like an inverted “u”. At low production levels the AP L tends to increase as
Increasing the number of employees by two percent (from 100 to 102 employees) would increase output by less than two percent and this is called "diminishing returns". At some (maybe much later) point (perhaps with 200 employees), each additional employee will actually decrease production. This is called "negative returns". [18]
Average physical product (APP), marginal physical product (MPP) In economics and in particular neoclassical economics, the marginal product or marginal physical productivity of an input (factor of production) is the change in output resulting from employing one more unit of a particular input (for instance, the change in output when a firm's labor is increased from five to six units), assuming ...
Markup is the difference between price and marginal cost. The formula states that markup as a percentage of price equals the negative (and hence the absolute value) of the inverse of the elasticity of demand. [33] A lower elasticity of demand implies a higher markup at the profit maximising equilibrium. [31]
The three most known multiplier formula are as depicted, where: G stands for government spending; T for taxation; Y for nominal GDP; I for private investment; X for exports; c for propensity to consume; s for propensity to save; m for propensity to import
In economics, a production function gives the technological relation between quantities of physical inputs and quantities of output of goods. The production function is one of the key concepts of mainstream neoclassical theories, used to define marginal product and to distinguish allocative efficiency, a key focus of economics. One important ...
The equation below (in Cobb–Douglas form) is often used to represent total output (Y) as a function of total-factor productivity (A), capital input (K), labour input (L), and the two inputs' respective shares of output (α and β are the share of contribution for K and L respectively).
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