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  2. Magnetic refrigeration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_refrigeration

    The magnetocaloric effect can be quantified with the following equation: = ((,)) ((,)) where is the adiabatic change in temperature of the magnetic system around temperature T, H is the applied external magnetic field, C is the heat capacity of the working magnet (refrigerant) and M is the magnetization of the refrigerant.

  3. Electromagnetic radiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation

    Electromagnetic radiation is commonly referred to as "light", EM, EMR, or electromagnetic waves. [2] The position of an electromagnetic wave within the electromagnetic spectrum can be characterized by either its frequency of oscillation or its wavelength. Electromagnetic waves of different frequency are called by different names since they have ...

  4. Einstein refrigerator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein_refrigerator

    The Einstein–Szilard or Einstein refrigerator is an absorption refrigerator which has no moving parts, operates at constant pressure, and requires only a heat source to operate. It was jointly invented in 1926 by Albert Einstein and his former student Leó Szilárd , who patented it in the U.S. on November 11, 1930 ( U.S. patent 1,781,541 ).

  5. Maxwell's equations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell's_equations

    Maxwell's equations may be combined to demonstrate how fluctuations in electromagnetic fields (waves) propagate at a constant speed in vacuum, c (299 792 458 m/s [2]). Known as electromagnetic radiation , these waves occur at various wavelengths to produce a spectrum of radiation from radio waves to gamma rays .

  6. Surface equivalence principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_equivalence_principle

    The principle yields an equivalent problem for a radiation problem by introducing an imaginary closed surface and fictitious surface current densities. It is an extension of Huygens–Fresnel principle, which describes each point on a wavefront as a spherical wave source.

  7. Classical electromagnetism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_electromagnetism

    A changing electromagnetic field propagates away from its origin in the form of a wave. These waves travel in vacuum at the speed of light and exist in a wide spectrum of wavelengths . Examples of the dynamic fields of electromagnetic radiation (in order of increasing frequency): radio waves , microwaves , light ( infrared , visible light and ...

  8. Poynting vector - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poynting_vector

    In a single electromagnetic plane wave (rather than a standing wave which can be described as two such waves travelling in opposite directions), E and H are exactly in phase, so S m is simply a real number according to the above definition. The equivalence of Re(S m) to the time-average of the instantaneous Poynting vector S can be shown as ...

  9. Radiative cooling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiative_cooling

    In the study of heat transfer, radiative cooling [1] [2] is the process by which a body loses heat by thermal radiation.As Planck's law describes, every physical body spontaneously and continuously emits electromagnetic radiation.

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