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The annual incidence of shock of any etiology is 0.3 to 0.7 per 1000, with hemorrhagic shock being most common in the intensive care unit. Hypovolemic shock is the most common type of shock in children, most commonly due to diarrheal illness in the developing world. [4]
Shock is the state of insufficient blood flow to the tissues of the body as a result of problems with the circulatory system. Initial symptoms of shock may include weakness, tachycardia, hyperventilation, sweating, anxiety, and increased thirst. [1] This may be followed by confusion, unconsciousness, or cardiac arrest, as complications worsen. [1]
Untreated hypovolemia or excessive and rapid losses of volume may lead to hypovolemic shock. [7] Signs and symptoms of hypovolemic shock include increased heart rate, low blood pressure, pale or cold skin, and altered mental status. When these signs are seen, immediate action should be taken to restore the lost volume.
Vasodilatory shock, vasogenic shock, or vasoplegic shock is a medical emergency belonging to shock along with cardiogenic shock, septic shock, allergen-induced shock and hypovolemic shock. When the blood vessels suddenly relax, it results in vasodilation .
[2] [3] Signs and symptoms often appear soon after the stroke has occurred. [3] If symptoms last less than 24 hours, the stroke is a transient ischemic attack (TIA), also called a mini-stroke. [3] Hemorrhagic stroke may also be associated with a severe headache. [3] The symptoms of stroke can be permanent. [5]
Obstructive shock is one of the four types of shock, caused by a physical obstruction in the flow of blood. [1] Obstruction can occur at the level of the great vessels or the heart itself. [ 2 ] Causes include pulmonary embolism , cardiac tamponade , and tension pneumothorax . [ 3 ]
Other symptoms may include abdominal pain, shortness of breath, pale skin, or passing out. [1] [9] Sometimes in those with small amounts of bleeding no symptoms may be present. [1] Bleeding is typically divided into two main types: upper gastrointestinal bleeding and lower gastrointestinal bleeding. [2]
Reperfusion injury, sometimes called ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) or reoxygenation injury, is the tissue damage caused when blood supply returns to tissue (re-+ perfusion) after a period of ischemia or lack of oxygen (anoxia or hypoxia).