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Perinatal asphyxia (also known as neonatal asphyxia or birth asphyxia) is the medical condition resulting from deprivation of oxygen to a newborn infant that lasts long enough during the birth process to cause physical harm, usually to the brain.
Fetal distress, also known as non-reassuring fetal status, is a condition during pregnancy or labor in which the fetus shows signs of inadequate oxygenation. [1] Due to its imprecision, the term "fetal distress" has fallen out of use in American obstetrics.
Another risk factor is premature birth in which medical intervention, such as premature birth prevention or C-section delivery, can be used as prevention for intrauterine hypoxia. [ 37 ] Studies have shown a connection between tetrahydrobiopterin (BH 4 ) deficiency and hypoxia-ischemia brain injury, though further studies need to be done. [ 38 ]
A 2013 study found varying costs by facility for childbirth expenses in California, varying from $3,296 to $37,227 for a vaginal birth and from $8,312 to $70,908 for a caesarean birth. [ 178 ] Reporting on costs in 2023, Forbes gave an average cost of $18,865 ($14,768 for vaginal and $26,280 for cesarean) which included pregnancy, delivery and ...
Meconium accumulates in the foetal gastrointestinal tract throughout the third trimester of pregnancy and it is the first intestinal discharge released within the first 48 hours after birth. [4] Notably, since meconium and the whole content of the gastrointestinal tract is located 'extracorporeally,' its constituents are hidden and normally not ...
After childbirth, the female genital tract has a large bare surface, which is prone to infection. Infection may be limited to the cavity and wall of the uterus , or it may spread beyond to cause septicaemia (blood poisoning) or other illnesses, especially when resistance has been lowered by long labour or severe bleeding.
In obstetrics, asynclitic birth, or asynclitism, refers to the malposition of the fetal head in the uterus relative to the birth canal. [1] Many babies enter the pelvis in an asynclitic presentation, but in most cases, the issue is corrected during labor. [2] Asynclitic presentation is not the same as shoulder presentation, where the shoulder ...
Histopathology of placenta with increased syncytial knotting of chorionic villi, with two knots pointed out. The following characteristics of placentas have been said to be associated with placental insufficiency, however all of them occur in normal healthy placentas and full term healthy births, so none of them can be used to accurately diagnose placental insufficiency: [citation needed]