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Syringe on left, hypodermic needle with attached colour coded Luer-Lock connector on right Hypodermic needle features. A hypodermic needle (from Greek ὑπο- (hypo-= under), and δέρμα (derma = skin)) is a very thin, hollow tube with one sharp tip. It is one of a category of medical tools which enter the skin, called sharps. [1]
Pravaz, c. 1852 Charles Gabriel Pravaz (24 March 1791 – 24 June 1853) a French orthopedic surgeon, pioneered the hypodermic syringe.. While the concept dated to Galen, [1] the modern syringe is thought [by whom?] to have originated in 15th-century Italy, although it took several centuries for the device to develop.
Medical advances also provided kinder methods for treatment of battlefield injuries, such as antiseptic ointments, which replaced boiling oil for cauterizing amputations. [15] During the Spanish Civil War there were two major advances. The first one was the invention of a practical method for transporting blood.
129 – 216 AD – Galen – Clinical medicine based on observation and experience. [13] The resulting tightly integrated and comprehensive system, offering a complete medical philosophy dominated medicine throughout the Middle Ages and until the beginning of the modern era. [18]
Sutures were made of plant materials (flax, hemp and cotton) or animal material (hair, tendons, arteries, muscle strips and nerves, silk, and catgut). [ citation needed ] The earliest reports of surgical suture date to 3000 BC in ancient Egypt , and the oldest known suture is in a mummy from 1100 BC.
[70] [71] [72] Opium made its way from Asia Minor to all parts of Europe between the 10th and 13th centuries. [73] Throughout 1200 to 1500 AD in England, a potion called dwale was used as an anesthetic. [74] This alcohol-based mixture contained bile, opium, lettuce, bryony, henbane, hemlock, and vinegar. [74]
The first progress in combating infection in Europe was made in 1847 by the Hungarian doctor Ignaz Semmelweis who noticed that medical students fresh from the dissecting room were causing excess maternal death compared to midwives.
The Greeks also acknowledged the importance of wound closure, and were the first to differentiate between acute and chronic wounds, calling them "fresh" and "non-healing", respectively. Galen of Pergamum, a Greek surgeon who served Roman gladiators circa 120–201 A.D., made many contributions to the field of wound care. [9]