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Arising in cut timber they generally cause a reduction in strength. When found in a log they can result in a significant amount of waste, when a log is converted to lumber. Apart from heart shakes, often found in trees felled past their best, shakes in a log have no effect on the strength of shake free lumber obtained therefrom. [1]
Wood slabs can also become warped as a result of insufficient support from underlying shelf hardware (commonly referred to as sagging or bowing). [2] The types of wood warping include: bow: a warp along the length of the face of the wood; crook: a warp along the length of the edge of the wood; kink: a localized crook, often due to a knot
Apart from structural wood preservation measures, there are a number of different chemical preservatives and processes (also known as timber treatment, lumber treatment or pressure treatment) that can extend the life of wood, timber, and their associated products, including engineered wood. These generally increase the durability and resistance ...
Bark pockets are considered a nuisance in the lumber industry because they are considered a defect, and lower the grade of the wood. [1] Bark pockets can also weaken tree forks , and can result in damage to the junction under stress.
When logs are sold, in order to determine the basis for a sale price in a standard way, the logs are "scaled" which means they are measured, identified as to species, and deductions for defects assigned to produce a net volume of merchantable wood. There are several different scales or rules that are used to determine the volume of wood.
When natural regeneration or artificial seeding has resulted in dense, overstocked young stands, natural thinning will in most cases eventually reduce stocking to more silviculturally desirable levels. But by the time some trees reach merchantable size, others will be overmature and defective, and others will still be unmerchantable.
Several specific natural, macroscopic and microscopic features of wood are used in the identification process of a softwood species. [ 5 ] Softwoods are generally most used by the construction industry and are also used to produce paper pulp , and card products. [ 6 ]
Sawdust made with hand saw Ogatan, Japanese charcoal briquettes made from sawdust Sawdust vendors in Kashgar markets. Sawdust (or wood dust) is a by-product or waste product of woodworking operations such as sawing, sanding, milling and routing.