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Childhood leukemia is leukemia that occurs in a child and is a type of childhood cancer. Childhood leukemia is the most common childhood cancer, accounting for 29% of cancers in children aged 0–14 in 2018. [ 1 ]
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia represents approximately 20% of adults and 80% of childhood leukemias, making it the most common childhood cancer. [5] Although 80 to 90% of children will have a long-term complete response with treatment, [ 45 ] : 1527 it remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among children.
It is the most common type of cancer in children, with three-quarters of leukemia cases in children being the acute lymphoblastic type. [3] However, over 90% of all leukemias are diagnosed in adults, CLL and AML being most common. [3] [14] It occurs more commonly in the developed world. [10]
Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a rare form of chronic leukemia (cancer of the blood) that affects children, commonly those aged four and younger. [2] The name JMML now encompasses all diagnoses formerly referred to as juvenile chronic myeloid leukemia (JCML), chronic myelomonocytic leukemia of infancy, and infantile monosomy 7 syndrome.
“Lucas and I practically lived in the hospital,” says his mother, Jessica Encalada. “We couldn’t see our family for months.”
In general, treatment can include surgical resection, [43] chemotherapy, [44] radiation therapy, [45] or immunotherapy. [46] Recent medical advances have improved our understanding of the genetic basis of childhood cancers. Treatment options are expanding, and precision medicine for childhood cancers is a rapidly growing area of research. [47]
Survival rates for most childhood cancers have improved, with a notable improvement in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (the most common childhood cancer). Due to improved treatment, the 5-year survival rate for acute lymphoblastic leukemia has increased from less than 10% in the 1960s to about 90% during the time period 2003-2009. [16]
In childhood, T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) patients can expect a 5-year event-free survival (EFS) rate of 70% and an overall survival (OS) rate of 80%. [1] Among the approximately 25% of children who relapse, survival rates drop to 30-50%, with patients generally showing a much poorer prognosis. [ 1 ]