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In photography, reciprocity refers to the relationship whereby the total light energy – proportional to the total exposure, the product of the light intensity and exposure time, controlled by aperture and shutter speed, respectively – determines the effect of the light on the film. That is, an increase of brightness by a certain factor is ...
Photographic emulsion is a light-sensitive colloid used in film-based photography. Most commonly, in silver-gelatin photography , it consists of silver halide crystals dispersed in gelatin . The emulsion is usually coated onto a substrate of glass , films (of cellulose nitrate , cellulose acetate or polyester ), paper, or fabric.
Exposure is a combination of the length of time and the illuminance at the photosensitive material. Exposure time is controlled in a camera by shutter speed, and the illuminance depends on the lens aperture and the scene luminance. Slower shutter speeds (exposing the medium for a longer period of time), greater lens apertures (admitting more ...
Film is then dried in a dust-free environment, cut and placed into protective sleeves. Once the film is processed, it is then referred to as a negative. The negative may now be printed; the negative is placed in an enlarger and projected onto a sheet of photographic paper. Many different techniques can be used during the enlargement process.
If the EV is known, it can be used to select combinations of exposure time and f-number, as shown in Table 1. Each increment of 1 in exposure value corresponds to a change of one "step" (or, more commonly, one "stop") in exposure, i.e., half as much exposure, either by halving the exposure time or halving the aperture area, or a combination of ...
It is common to express exposure increments in EV, as when adjusting exposure relative to what a light meter indicates (Ray 2000, 316). For example, an exposure compensation of +1 EV (or +1 step) means to increase exposure, by using either a longer exposure time or a smaller -number. The sense of exposure compensation is opposite that of the EV ...
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Exposures may be pushed by increasing the time in the first bath, pulled by reducing the time in the first bath, with an adjustment of approximately 25% for a one-step change. 2 Wash 2:30: 100 ± 1 °F (37.8 ± 0.6 °C) Rinse with running water, change water after 30 seconds, or extend rinsing time if necessary. 3 Color developer (CD) Bath 2 6 to 8