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The following is a list of the world's oldest surviving physical documents. Each entry is the most ancient of each language or civilization. For example, the Narmer Palette may be the most ancient from Egypt, but there are many other surviving written documents from Egypt later than the Narmer Palette but still more ancient than the Missal of Silos.
The oldest known scroll is the Diary of Merer, which can be dated to c. 2568 BCE in the reign of the Pharaoh Khufu or Cheops due to its contents.Scrolls were used by many early civilizations before the codex, or bound book with pages, was invented by the Romans [3] and popularized by Christianity. [4]
The Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus, a Greek manuscript of the Bible from the 5th century, is a palimpsest.. In textual studies, a palimpsest (/ ˈ p æ l ɪ m p s ɛ s t /) is a manuscript page, either from a scroll or a book, from which the text has been scraped or washed off in preparation for reuse [1] in the form of another document. [2]
[15] [3] The ancient Hittites and Assyrians had massive archives containing records written in many different languages. [15] The most famous library of the ancient Near East was the Library of Ashurbanipal in Nineveh, founded in the seventh century BC by the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal (ruled 668–c. 627 BC).
A total of 15 passages were deciphered from the unrolled scroll. The first word to be decoded, the Greek word for purple, was detected in October 2023 and can be found within the newly interpreted ...
The camera and digital imaging assembly were developed specifically for the purpose of photographing illegible ancient texts. [ 87 ] On 18 December 2012 [ 88 ] the first output of this project was launched together with Google on the dedicated site Deadseascrolls.org.il. [ 89 ] The site contains both digitizations of old images taken in the ...
Although most of the papyri were written in Greek, some texts written in Egyptian (Egyptian hieroglyphics, Hieratic, Demotic, mostly Coptic), Latin and Arabic were also found. Texts in Hebrew , Aramaic , Syriac and Pahlavi have so far represented only a small percentage of the total.
The texts under the forged pictures, as well as previously unreadable texts, were revealed by analyzing images produced by ultraviolet, infrared, visible and raking light, and X-ray. All images and transcriptions are now freely available on the web at the Archimedes Digital Palimpsest under the Creative Commons License CC BY .