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Mine reclamation creates useful landscapes that meet a variety of goals, ranging from the restoration of productive ecosystems to the creation of industrial and municipal resources. In the United States, mine reclamation is a regular part of modern mining practices. [2] Modern mine reclamation reduces the environmental effects of mining.
The chemistry of oxidation of pyrites, the production of ferrous ions and subsequently ferric ions, is very complex, and this complexity has considerably inhibited the design of effective treatment options. [6] Although a host of chemical processes contribute to acid mine drainage, pyrite oxidation is by far the greatest contributor.
Upon exposure to oxygen (O 2) and water (H 2 O), metal sulfides undergo oxidation to produce metal-rich acidic effluent. If the pH is low enough to overcome the natural buffering capacity of the surrounding rocks (‘calcium carbonate equivalent’ or ‘acid neutralising capacity’), the surrounding area may become acidic, as well as contaminated with high levels of heavy metals.
25th Anniversary of the Surface Mining Law: A report on the protection and restoration of the nation's land and water resources under the Surface Mining Law, Office of Surface Mining, 2003. Available at OSM website. Green, Edward. State and Federal Roles Under the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977, 21 S. Ill. U. L.J. 531 (1997)
For a mine nearing closure, the closure plan takes the form of a decommissioning plan, and includes details and selection of mitigative technologies (especially for acid rock drainage) and other specific reclamation and closure activities. A critical element of successful reclamation and of good closure planning is stakeholder involvement ...
Currently, mining on federal land must have a government-approved mining and reclamation plan before mining can start. Reclamation bonds are required. [13] Mining on either federal, state, or private land is subject to the requirements of the Clean Air Act and the Clean Water Act. One solution proposed to reclamation problems is the ...
Brine mining is the extraction of useful materials (chemical elements or compounds) which are naturally dissolved in brine. The brine may be seawater , other surface water , groundwater , or hyper-saline solutions from several industries (e.g., textile industries). [ 1 ]
Mountaintop removal mining (MTR), also known as mountaintop mining (MTM), is a form of surface mining at the summit or summit ridge of a mountain. Coal seams are extracted from a mountain by removing the land, or overburden, above the seams. This process is considered to be safer compared to underground mining because the coal seams are ...