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Pores (the spaces that exist between soil particles) provide for the passage and/or retention of gasses and moisture within the soil profile.The soil's ability to retain water is strongly related to particle size; water molecules hold more tightly to the fine particles of a clay soil than to coarser particles of a sandy soil, so clays generally retain more water. [2]
where is void ratio, is porosity, V V is the volume of void-space (air and water), V S is the volume of solids, and V T is the total or bulk volume of medium. [1] The significance of the porosity is that it gives the idea of water storage capacity of the aquifer. Qualitatively, porosity less than 5% is considered to be small, between 5 and 20% ...
The major river in Ethiopia is the Blue Nile. However, most drinking water in Ethiopia comes from ground water, not rivers. Ethiopia has 12 river basins with an annual runoff volume of 122 billion m 3 of water and an estimated 2.6–6.5 billion m 3 of ground water potential.
Water retention curve is the relationship between the water content, θ, and the soil water potential, ψ. The soil moisture curve is characteristic for different types of soil, and is also called the soil moisture characteristic. It is used to predict the soil water storage, water supply to the plants (field capacity) and soil aggregate stability.
The Gilgel Gibe III Dam is 610 m-long (2,000 ft) and 243 m (797 ft) high roller-compacted concrete dam. It withholds a reservoir with a capacity of 14.7 km 3 (3.5 cu mi) and a surface area of 210 km 2 (81 sq mi), collecting with a catchment area of 34,150 km 2 (13,190 sq mi).
Out of all the water on Earth, saline water in oceans, seas and saline groundwater make up about 97% of it. Only 2.5–2.75% is fresh water, including 1.75–2% frozen in glaciers, ice and snow, 0.5–0.75% as fresh groundwater and soil moisture, and less than 0.01% of it as surface water in lakes, swamps and rivers.
Aquifers receive water through two ways, one from precipitation that flows through the unsaturated zone of the soil profile, and two from lakes and rivers. [2] When a water table reaches capacity, or all soil is completely saturated, the water table meets the surface of the ground where water discharge in the forms of springs or seeps. [2]
The Main Ethiopian Rift is geologically active and susceptible to earthquakes. Hot springs and active volcanoes are found in its extreme east close to the Red Sea. Elsewhere, the land is subject to erosion, overgrazing, deforestation, and frequent droughts. Water shortages are common in some areas during the dry season.