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Impervious surface percentage in various cities. The percentage imperviousness, commonly referred to as PIMP in calculations, is an important factor when considering drainage of water. It is calculated by measuring the percentage of a catchment area which is made up of impervious surfaces such as roads, roofs and other paved surfaces.
In mathematics, geology, and cartography, a surface map is a 2D perspective representation of a 3-dimensional surface. [1] Surface maps usually represent real-world entities such as landforms or the surfaces of objects. They can, however, serve as an abstraction where the third, or even all of the dimensions correspond to non-spatial data. In ...
A map is a function, as in the association of any of the four colored shapes in X to its color in Y. In mathematics, a map or mapping is a function in its general sense. [1] These terms may have originated as from the process of making a geographical map: mapping the Earth surface to a sheet of paper. [2]
A sphere of radius r has surface area 4πr 2.. The surface area (symbol A) of a solid object is a measure of the total area that the surface of the object occupies. [1] The mathematical definition of surface area in the presence of curved surfaces is considerably more involved than the definition of arc length of one-dimensional curves, or of the surface area for polyhedra (i.e., objects with ...
In mathematics, a surface is a mathematical model of the common concept of a surface. It is a generalization of a plane, but, unlike a plane, it may be curved; this is analogous to a curve generalizing a straight line. There are several more precise definitions, depending on the context and the mathematical tools that are used for the study.
Flooded streets in New Orleans Relationship between impervious surfaces and surface runoff Urban runoff is a major cause of urban flooding , the inundation of land or property in a built-up environment caused by rainfall overwhelming the capacity of drainage systems , such as storm sewers . [ 12 ]
Variational definition: A surface is minimal if and only if it is a critical point of the area functional for all compactly supported variations. This definition makes minimal surfaces a 2-dimensional analogue to geodesics , which are analogously defined as critical points of the length functional.
The equal-area Mollweide projection. In cartography, an equivalent, authalic, or equal-area projection is a map projection that preserves relative area measure between any and all map regions. Equivalent projections are widely used for thematic maps showing scenario distribution such as population, farmland distribution, forested areas, and so ...