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According to intellectual historian Jan E. Goldstein, the initial introduction of idée fixe as a medical term occurred around 1812 in connection with monomania. [1] The French psychiatrist Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol considered an idée fixe – in other words an unhealthy fixation on a single object – to be the principal symptom of monomania. [2]
Traditionally, pupil measurements have been performed in a subjective manner by using a penlight or flashlight to manually evaluate pupil reactivity (sPLR, "s" stands for standard) and using a pupil gauge to estimate pupil size. However, manual pupillary assessment is subject to significant inaccuracies and inconsistencies.
Fixation (German: Fixierung) [1] is a concept (in human psychology) that was originated by Sigmund Freud (1905) to denote the persistence of anachronistic sexual traits. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The term subsequently came to denote object relationships with attachments to people or things in general persisting from childhood into adult life.
If a video camera were to perform such high speed changes in focal points, the image on screen would be disorienting for a human viewer. In contrast, despite the rapidly changing sensory input to the visual system, the normal experience is of a stable visual world; this is an example of perceptual constancy. Transsaccadic memory is a system ...
Light from a single point of a distant object and light from a single point of a near object being brought to a focus. The accommodation reflex (or accommodation-convergence reflex) is a reflex action of the eye, in response to focusing on a near object, then looking at a distant object (and vice versa), comprising coordinated changes in vergence, lens shape (accommodation) and pupil size.
For example, when taking part in an experiment involving the n-back task, a correlation was observed between those with higher dilation, due to pupillary response, and improved performance. Conversely, other studies show the opposite relationship, where higher pupillary dilation is associated with lower task performance. [ 4 ]
Microsaccades are a kind of fixational eye movement.They are small, jerk-like, involuntary eye movements, similar to miniature versions of voluntary saccades.They typically occur during prolonged visual fixation (of at least several seconds), not only in humans, but also in animals with foveal vision (primates, cats, dogs etc.).
[clarification needed] The fixation sites are located in the midperiphery of the iris, which is immobile during pupillary movement. The original biconvex lens design was modified into a convex-concave design, [ 1 ] and manufactured as Artisan/Verisyse lens and later the foldable model (Artiflex), a three-piece lens with silicone optic and PMMA ...