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The severity of effects alcohol may have on a developing fetus depends upon the amount and frequency of alcohol consumed as well as the stage of pregnancy. Rates of alcohol consumption can generally be categorized in one of three ways: heavy drinking (more than 48-60 grams of ethanol/day), moderately high drinking (24-48 grams of ethanol/day ...
Medical organizations strongly discourage drinking alcohol during pregnancy. [51] [52] [53] Alcohol passes easily from the mother's bloodstream through the placenta and into the bloodstream of the fetus, [54] which interferes with brain and organ development. [55] Alcohol can affect the fetus at any stage during pregnancy, but the level of risk ...
Globally, one in 10 women drink alcohol during pregnancy. Out of this population, 20% binge drink and have four or more alcoholic drinks per single occasion. [39] The use of alcohol during pregnancy occurs at different rates across the world, potentially due to various cultural differences and legislation.
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Antidepressant exposure is not associated with an increased risk of spontaneous abortion. [55] There is a tentative association of SSRI use during pregnancy with heart problems in the baby. [56] The advantages of their use during pregnancy may thus not outweigh the possible negative effects on the baby. [56]
Tricyclic antidepressants are older antidepressants that, due to their side effect profiles, typically aren’t prescribed as first-line depression treatments today.
No antidepressants are FDA approved during pregnancy. [90] Use of antidepressants during pregnancy may result in fetus abnormalities affecting functional development of the brain and behavior. [ 90 ] Studies have shown correlations between pregnant women treated with SNRIs and risk of hypertensive disorders, [ 91 ] preeclampsia, [ 92 ...
Nortriptyline may cause problems if taken during pregnancy. [8] Use during breastfeeding appears to be relatively safe. [7] It is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) and is believed to work by altering levels of serotonin and norepinephrine. [8] Nortriptyline was approved for medical use in the United States in 1964. [8]