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A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose constituents (such as atoms, molecules, or ions) are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions.
Myoglobin sketch Alpha helix. 1958 – Myoglobin was the very first crystal structure of a protein molecule. [2] Myoglobin cradles an iron-containing heme group that reversibly binds oxygen for use in powering muscle fibers, and those first crystals were of myoglobin from the sperm whale, whose muscles need copious oxygen storage for deep dives.
The effects of magnetic fields on liquid crystal molecules are analogous to electric fields. Because magnetic fields are generated by moving electric charges, permanent magnetic dipoles are produced by electrons moving about atoms. When a magnetic field is applied, the molecules will tend to align with or against the field.
Crystal formation requires two steps: nucleation and growth. [3] Nucleation is the initiation step for crystallization. [3] At the nucleation phase, protein molecules in solution come together as aggregates to form a stable solid nucleus. [3] As the nucleus forms, the crystal grows bigger and bigger by molecules attaching to this stable nucleus ...
For this reason they have often been called liquid crystals. A more proper name is ‘mesomorphic phases’ (mesomorphic: intermediate form) [4]: page one Further, "The classification of mesophases (first clearly set out by G. Friedel in 1922) is essentially based on symmetry." [4]: 10 Molecules that demonstrate mesophases are called mesogens.
Crystallization is the process by which solids form, where the atoms or molecules are highly organized into a structure known as a crystal.Some ways by which crystals form are precipitating from a solution, freezing, or more rarely deposition directly from a gas.
Axonal transport is also responsible for moving molecules destined for degradation from the axon back to the cell body, where they are broken down by lysosomes. [ 2 ] Dynein , a motor protein responsible for retrograde axonal transport, carries vesicles and other cellular products toward the cell bodies of neurons.
The components are the mineral crystals of hydroxyapatite, cylindrical collagen molecules, organic molecules such as lipids and proteins, and finally water. [16] The hierarchical structure common to all mineralized tissues is the key to their mechanical performance.