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The bladder wall muscle overactivity results in sporadic bladder muscle contraction, which increases pressure in the bladder and decreases the volume of urine the bladder can hold. [2] If NDO is not treated, increased pressure in the bladder can put the upper urinary tract at risk of harm, including possible permanent damage to the kidneys. [ 2 ]
The effect is to prevent spasms of the stomach, intestine or urinary bladder. Both dicyclomine and hyoscyamine are antispasmodic due to their anticholinergic action. [medical citation needed] Both of these drugs have side effects common to anticholinergics and can worsen gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). [2]
This is particularly done when alcoholism, anaemia (if using Prilocaine), anorexia, bradycardia, or GORD (Gastroesophageal reflux disease) is concerned. On other occasions the vasoconstrictor used (often adrenaline) must be reduced when an individual has angina , bradycardia , chronic bronchitis , cardiac arrhythmia , COPD (Chronic Obstructive ...
Many local anesthetics fall into two general chemical classes, amino esters (top) and amino amides (bottom). A local anesthetic (LA) is a medication that causes absence of all sensation (including pain) in a specific body part without loss of consciousness, [1] providing local anesthesia, as opposed to a general anesthetic, which eliminates all sensation in the entire body and causes ...
Intravesical drug delivery through a urinary catheter. Intravesical drug delivery is the delivery of medications directly into the bladder by urinary catheter.This method of drug delivery is used to directly target diseases of the bladder such as interstitial cystitis and bladder cancer, but currently faces obstacles such as low drug retention time due to washing out with urine and issues with ...
Gastritis is the inflammation of the lining of the stomach. [1] It may occur as a short episode or may be of a long duration. [1] There may be no symptoms but, when symptoms are present, the most common is upper abdominal pain (see dyspepsia). [1]
Paresthesia, a short-to-long-term numbness or altered sensation affecting a nerve, is a well-known complication of injectable local anesthetics and has been present even before articaine was available. [17] An article by Haas and Lennon published in 1993 [18] seems to be the original source for the controversy surrounding articaine. This paper ...
Intravascular administration does not involve absorption, and there is no loss of drug. [4] The fastest route of absorption is inhalation. [5] Absorption is a primary focus in drug development and medicinal chemistry, since a drug must be absorbed before any medicinal effects can take place. Moreover, the drug's pharmacokinetic profile can be ...