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Normally, these receptor channels allow sodium ions into muscle cells to initiate an action potential that leads to muscle contraction. By blocking the receptors, the neurotoxin is capable of significantly reducing neuromuscular junction signaling, an effect which has resulted in its use by anesthesiologists to produce muscular relaxation. [88]
An example is through the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAchRs), which is a receptor commonly found along the surfaces of the cells that respond to nicotine stimulation, turning them on or off. Aβ was found manipulating the level of nicotine in the brain along with the MAP kinase , another signaling receptor, to cause cell death.
NRP1 is a membrane-bound coreceptor to a tyrosine kinase receptor for both vascular endothelial growth factor (for example, VEGFA) and semaphorin (for example, SEMA3A) family members. NRP1 plays versatile roles in angiogenesis, axon guidance, cell survival, migration, and invasion.[supplied by OMIM] [7]
LNTX-1 is an acronym for long neurotoxin 1. The “long” refers to the long-chain classification based on mature protein length of the neurotoxin, which is 66-79 amino acid residues long. [1] There are more long neurotoxins found in snakes, such as LNTX-2 and LNTX-3.
The three-dimensional structure of alpha-bungarotoxin, an alpha-neurotoxin from the venom of Bungarus multicinctus. Gold links indicate disulfide bonds. From 1] α-Neurotoxins are a group of neurotoxic peptides found in the venom of snakes in the families Elapidae and Hydrophiidae. They can cause paralysis, respiratory failure, and death.
Anatoxin-a is an agonist of both neuronal α 4 β 2 and α 4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors present in the CNS as well as the (α 1) 2 βγδ muscle-type nAchRs that are present at the neuromuscular junction. [1] (Anatoxin-a has an affinity for these muscle-type receptors that is about 20 times greater than that of acetylcholine. [2])
Toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1) is a member of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which is a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that form the cornerstone of the innate immune system. [5] [6] [7] TLR1 recognizes bacterial lipoproteins and glycolipids in complex with TLR2. TLR1 is a cell surface receptor. [5]
The α 1-adrenergic receptor has several general functions in common with the α 2-adrenergic receptor, but also has specific effects of its own. α 1-receptors primarily mediate smooth muscle contraction, but have important functions elsewhere as well. [3]