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  2. Polar coordinate system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_coordinate_system

    The arc length (length of a line segment) defined by a polar function is found by the integration over the curve r(φ). Let L denote this length along the curve starting from points A through to point B, where these points correspond to φ = a and φ = b such that 0 < b − a < 2π.

  3. Spherical coordinate system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_coordinate_system

    the azimuthal angle φ, which is the angle of rotation of the radial line around the polar axis. [b] (See graphic regarding the "physics convention".) Once the radius is fixed, the three coordinates (r, θ, φ), known as a 3-tuple, provide a coordinate system on a sphere, typically called the spherical polar coordinates.

  4. Projected coordinate system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projected_coordinate_system

    The grid lines point to a Grid North, varying slightly from True North. This variation is zero on the central meridian (north-south line) of the map, which is at two degrees west of the Prime Meridian, and greatest at the map edges. The difference between grid north and true north is very small and can be ignored for most navigation purposes.

  5. Distance from a point to a line - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/.../Distance_from_a_point_to_a_line

    The distance (or perpendicular distance) from a point to a line is the shortest distance from a fixed point to any point on a fixed infinite line in Euclidean geometry. It is the length of the line segment which joins the point to the line and is perpendicular to the line. The formula for calculating it can be derived and expressed in several ways.

  6. Track transition curve - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_transition_curve

    The design pattern for horizontal geometry is typically a sequence of straight line (i.e., a tangent) and curve (i.e. a circular arc) segments connected by transition curves. The degree of banking in railroad track is typically expressed as the difference in elevation of the two rails, commonly quantified and referred to as the superelevation.

  7. Ohio corrections officer killed on Christmas Day in 'inmate ...

    www.aol.com/ohio-corrections-officer-killed...

    A corrections officer at an Ohio prison was killed Christmas day when an inmate attacked him, authorities said Wednesday. The assault occurred Wednesday morning at the Ross Correctional ...

  8. Heads up to anyone who is a freelancer, independent contractor, business owner, property renter or just a hobbyist who occasionally sells their creations: If you accept business-related income ...

  9. Euler spiral - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler_spiral

    A double-end Euler spiral. The curve continues to converge to the points marked, as t tends to positive or negative infinity.. An Euler spiral is a curve whose curvature changes linearly with its curve length (the curvature of a circular curve is equal to the reciprocal of the radius).