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The country has been governed by various systems of government, including a monarchy, republic, theocracy, dictatorship, and a pro-communist state. 1709 – Mirwais Hotak establishes the Hotaki dynasty at Kandahar and declares Afghanistan (land of the Afghans) an independent state.
According to their yearly survey Freedom in the World, Afghanistan scored only 27 points in 2019 to 2021 on a 100-point scale, falling in the category of "not free countries." One major reason cited amongst scholars for the weakness of Afghanistan's democracy is the rampant corruption in the country: in a study by Transparency International ...
The supreme leader of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan is the head-of-state, commander-in-chief, and religious leader of Afghanistan. [4] These responsibilities include appointing and dismissing the cabinet, judiciary, armed forces general staff, [5] and provincial and municipal governments, issuing decrees, special instructions, and orders regulating the operations of those mentioned above.
The Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, [a] later known as the Republic of Afghanistan, [b] was the Afghan state between 1978 and 1992. It was bordered by Pakistan to the east and south, by Iran to the west, by the Soviet Union to the north, and by China to the northeast.
Afghanistan, [d] officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, [e] is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia.It is bordered by Pakistan to the east and south, [f] Iran to the west, Turkmenistan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, Tajikistan to the northeast, and China to the northeast and east.
Britannica and various authors noted that the policies of Vladimir Lenin, the first leader of the Soviet Union, contributed to the establishment of a totalitarian system in the USSR, [3] [7] but while some authors, such as Leszek Kolakowski, believed Stalinist totalitarianism to be a continuation of Leninism [7] and directly called Lenin's ...
Western countries have suspended most humanitarian aid to Afghanistan following the Taliban's takeover of the country in August 2021. [249] The United States has frozen about $9 billion in assets belonging to the Afghan central bank , [ 250 ] blocking the Taliban from accessing billions of dollars held in U.S. bank accounts.
The family migrated to Quetta in the Balochistan province of Pakistan after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (1979). Akhundzada studied at one of the madrassas in Pakistan and earned the title "Sheikh al-Hadith". [21] In the 1980s, he was "involved in the Islamist resistance" to the Soviet military campaign in Afghanistan. [22]