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In one study, 10 people were given two drops of 0.5 mg/mL of tetryzoline eye drops (0.025–0.05 mg) at 0 hrs, 4 hrs, 8 hrs, and 12 hrs. Within a 24-hour time window, since the last dose of tetryzoline, the blood serum concentration of tetryzoline in the test subjects was 0.068-0.380 ng /mL and the urine concentration was 13–210 ng/mL.
Tropicamide, sold under the brand name Mydriacyl among others, is a medication used to dilate the pupil and help with examination of the eye. [3] Specifically it is used to help examine the back of the eye. [4] It is applied as eye drops. [3] Effects occur within 40 minutes and last for up to a day. [3]
Pupillary response is a physiological response that varies the size of the pupil between 1.5 mm and 8 mm, [1] via the optic and oculomotor cranial nerve. A constriction response , [2] is the narrowing of the pupil, which may be caused by scleral buckles or drugs such as opiates/opioids or anti-hypertension medications.
Demecarium causes constriction of the pupil , which improves the drainage of the fluid in the eye (aqueous humour). [2] As demecarium reversibly inhibits cholinesterase , it can be administered less frequently than other parasympathomimetic drugs, such as carbachol .
Hydroxyamphetamine is used in eye drops to dilate the pupil (a process called mydriasis) so that the back of the eye can be examined. This is a diagnostic test for Horner's syndrome . Patients with Horner's syndrome exhibit anisocoria brought about by lesions on the nerves that connect to the nasociliary branch of the ophthalmic nerve . [ 7 ]
It is used as a medication to reduce pressure inside the eye and treat dry mouth. [1] [5] As an eye drop it is used to manage angle closure glaucoma until surgery can be performed, ocular hypertension, primary open angle glaucoma, and to constrict the pupil after dilation.
Conversely, parasympathetic stimulation causes contraction of the circular muscle and constriction of the pupil. The mechanism of mydriasis depends on the agent being used. It usually involves either a disruption of the parasympathetic nerve supply to the eye (which normally constricts the pupil) or overactivity of the sympathetic nervous ...
Side effects may include allergic reactions, eye pain, and dilated pupils. [2] [4] [3] It is unclear if use in pregnancy is safe. [1] Nephazoline works by resulting in constriction of blood vessels thus decreasing redness while pheniramine works by blocking the effects of histamine to stop itching. [1]