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Radicals are either (1) formed from spin-paired molecules or (2) from other radicals. Radicals are formed from spin-paired molecules through homolysis of weak bonds or electron transfer, also known as reduction. Radicals are formed from other radicals through substitution, addition, and elimination reactions.
The hydroxyl radical, • HO, is the neutral form of the hydroxide ion (HO –). Hydroxyl radicals are highly reactive and consequently short-lived; however, they form an important part of radical chemistry .
Radical initiation: A radical is created from a non-radical precursor. Chain propagation: A radical reacts with a non-radical to produce a new radical species; Chain termination: Two radicals react with each other to create a non-radical species; In a free-radical addition, there are two chain propagation steps.
In chemistry and biology, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive chemicals formed from diatomic oxygen (O 2), water, and hydrogen peroxide. Some prominent ROS are hydroperoxide (O 2 H), superoxide (O 2 −), [1] hydroxyl radical (OH.), and singlet oxygen. [2] ROS are pervasive because they are readily produced from O 2, which is ...
The base deprotonates the hydroxydimethylmethyl radical to be converted into acetone and a solvated electron, as the result the G value (yield for a given energy due to radiation deposited in the system) of chloride can be increased because the radiation now starts a chain reaction, each solvated electron formed by the action of the gamma rays ...
Radicals can be formed by a number of different mechanisms, usually involving separate initiator molecules. Following its generation, the initiating radical adds (nonradical) monomer units, thereby growing the polymer chain. Radical polymerization is a key synthesis route for obtaining a wide variety of different polymers and materials ...
Radical-nucleophilic aromatic substitution is a special case of nucleophilic aromatic substitution. Carbon–carbon coupling reactions, for example manganese-mediated coupling reactions. Elimination reactions; Free radicals can be formed by photochemical reaction and thermal fission reaction or by oxidation reduction reaction.
In chemistry, radical initiators are substances that can produce radical species under mild conditions and promote radical reactions. [1] These substances generally possess weak bonds—bonds that have small bond dissociation energies .