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The hook effect refers to the prozone phenomenon, also known as antibody excess, or the postzone phenomenon, also known as antigen excess. It is an immunologic phenomenon whereby the effectiveness of antibodies to form immune complexes can be impaired when concentrations of an antibody or an antigen are very high.
A pregnancy test is used to determine whether a female is pregnant or not. The two primary methods are testing for the female pregnancy hormone ( human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)) in blood or urine using a pregnancy test kit, and scanning with ultrasonography . [ 1 ]
Antigen tests such as the pregnancy test shows positive line via the formation of a sandwich immune complex that allows the positive line to be visible, in the occurrence of Hook Effect, large amounts of analyte exists in the solution which saturates the antibodies, preventing normal binding and formation of the sandwich immune complex ...
The hook effect is a phenomenon which occurs in immunoassays and can lead to false negatives or inaccurately low results. The effect is caused by extremely high concentrations of either the antigen or an antibody used in the assay. The hook effect plagues sandwich assays more so than their two-step counterparts.
The NFL playoff schedule is about to be set, with the wild-card dates and times for every matchup to be revealed during Week 18.
Prolactin has a wide variety of effects. It stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk (): increased serum concentrations of prolactin during pregnancy cause enlargement of the mammary glands and prepare for milk production, which normally starts when levels of progesterone fall by the end of pregnancy and a suckling stimulus is present.
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We finally—finally—made it to the end of the year. And though the music releases have gone from summer’s deluge to a steady trickle, that doesn’t mean there aren’t some great new songs ...
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