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Bolts installed on the front steps of a building to discourage sitting and sleeping. Hostile architecture, also known as defensive architecture, hostile design, unpleasant design, exclusionary design, anti-homeless architecture, or defensive urban design, is an urban-design strategy that uses elements of the built environment to purposefully guide behavior.
The McKinney–Vento Homeless Assistance Act of 1987 is a United States federal law that provides federal money for homeless shelter programs. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It was the first significant federal legislative response to homelessness, [ 3 ] and was passed by the 100th United States Congress and signed into law by President Ronald Reagan on July 22 ...
The function of a vapor barrier is to retard the migration of water vapor. A vapor barrier is not typically intended to retard the migration of air. This is the function of air barriers. [8] Air is mixed with water vapor. When air moves from location to location due to an air pressure difference, the vapor moves with it.
Interstitial condensation is a type of condensation that may occur within an enclosed wall, roof or floor cavity structure, which can create dampening. When moisture-laden air at dew point temperature penetrates inside a cavity of the structure, it condenses into liquid water on that surface. The moisture laden air can penetrate into hidden ...
During the winter, ACH may range from 0.50 to 0.41 in a tightly air-sealed house to 1.11 to 1.47 in a loosely air-sealed house. [12] ASHRAE now recommends ventilation rates dependent upon floor area, as a revision to the 62-2001 standard, in which the minimum ACH was 0.35, but no less than 15 CFM/person (7.1 L/s/person).
Condensation comes from water vapour within the building. Common sources may include cooking, bathing, dishwashers, etc. The moisture in the air condenses on cold surfaces, sometimes inside the walls called interstitial condensation. Buildings with poorly insulated walls are very prone to this problem.
Rooftop HVAC unit with view of fresh-air intake vent Ventilation duct with outlet diffuser vent. These are installed throughout a building to move air in or out of rooms. In the middle is a damper to open and close the vent to allow more or less air to enter the space. The control circuit in a household HVAC installation.
In a UFAD design, conditioned air stays in the lower, occupied part of the room, while heat sources such as occupants and equipment generate thermal plumes, which carry the warm air and heat source generated pollutants towards the ceiling where they are exhausted through the return air ducts. [8]